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Sunday, 18 May 2025

Characteristics of angiosperms



Characteristics of Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)

  1. Presence of Flowers

    • Angiosperms produce flowers, which are the reproductive structures.
  2. Seeds Enclosed in Fruits

    • Seeds develop inside the ovary, which matures into a fruit.
  3. Double Fertilization

    • Unique to angiosperms: one sperm fuses with the egg (zygote), the other with polar nuclei (endosperm).
  4. Vascular System Well Developed

    • Contains true xylem (with vessels) and phloem (with companion cells) for efficient transport.
  5. Presence of True Roots, Stems, and Leaves

    • All plant organs are well differentiated and specialized.
  6. Ovules Enclosed in Ovary

    • Unlike gymnosperms, the ovules are not exposed but protected inside an ovary.
  7. Pollination Mechanisms Diverse

    • Can be wind, water, insect, bird, or animal-pollinated depending on species.
  8. Lifecycle Shows Alternation of Generations

    • Dominant sporophyte generation; highly reduced, dependent gametophyte.
  9. Rapid Life Cycle

    • Compared to gymnosperms, angiosperms grow, reproduce, and mature quickly.
  10. Fruit Formation

  • Ovary converts into fruit after fertilization, aiding seed dispersal.
  1. Broad Diversity
  • Largest plant group (~300,000 species); includes herbs, shrubs, trees, and climbers.
  1. Monocots and Dicots Classification
  • Based on seed leaves (cotyledons):
    • Monocots: 1 cotyledon, parallel venation, fibrous roots.
    • Dicots: 2 cotyledons, reticulate venation, taproot system.
  1. Highly Specialized Reproductive Structures
  • With stamens (male) and carpels (female), often arranged in attractive, colorful flowers.
  1. Adaptability to Various Habitats
  • Found in deserts, aquatic systems, tropical forests, and temperate zones.
  1. Endosperm Formation
  • Provides nourishment to the developing embryo; formed only after fertilization.

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